The following is a guide to phenomena that occur before, during, and after annular and total eclipses of the Sun. If you’ve never experienced one or both these types of solar eclipses, this page will tell you what to expect, and when.
The most significant difference between a total solar eclipse and an annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon and Sun are in perfect alignment. During totality, the Moon completely covers the brilliant solar disk, and the Sun’s corona — its pearly outer atmosphere — glows softly against a deep-twilight-blue sky. During annularity, an ever-changing ring of bright sunlight — the so-called "Ring of Fire" — surrounds the silhouetted lunar disk, so the sky doesn’t get particularly dark, and the corona remains hidden by the Sun's intense glare. The rest of the time, whether the eclipse is total or annular, most of the events described below unfold similarly.
Of course, much of what's described below won't apply if you're outside the path of the Moon's dark shadow; in that case, you will have only a partial eclipse — which is why you should make every effort, if possible, to get yourself into the path of annularity on October 14, 2023, and especially the path of totality on April 8, 2024.
Total & Annular Solar Eclipses
First Contact: The Eclipse Begins The Moon touches the Sun and takes its first tiny nibble out of the solar disk. First contact is initially visible through a telescope, then in binoculars, and finally with the unaided eye. Regardless of how you view it, observing with a safe solar filter is an absolute must.
The Vanishing Sun During the next hour or so, the Moon gradually hides more and more of the Sun's disk. It’s such a leisurely affair that you’ll have plenty of time to look around. Your pupils will dilate to compensate for the slowly diminishing sunlight, so you may not notice any fading for quite some time. Nevertheless, be alert for changes in the color and quality of the sky, any clouds, nearby objects, and distant landscapes.
As the partial phase progresses, be sure to look for a multitude of tiny images of the crescent Sun on the ground under any trees. The tiny spaces between overlapping leaves act like pinhole projectors. If the site lacks leafy trees, you can get the same effect using a straw hat, small holes punched into a sheet of paper, a slotted spoon or spaghetti colander, or even your crossed fingers.
Changing Light Once more than three-quarters of the Sun is covered, about 15 minutes prior to annularity or totality, the light begins to fade perceptibly and starts to take on an odd or eerie tint. Look away from the shrinking solar crescent — has there been a change in the color of the sky and clouds since the eclipse began?
By the time most of the Sun is hidden during an annular eclipse (only), it's becoming obvious that the Moon is too small to completely cover the solar disk — the “horns” of the crescent Sun extend remarkably far around the silhouette of the lunar disk.
Animal and Human Behavior As the sunlight dims, you may notice animals, birds, and insects acting in a peculiar manner. Many start to settle in as if night is falling; this is much more likely to happen at a total solar eclipse than at an annular eclipse. Notice the people around you — they’re likely more animated than any local wildlife!
Weather As annularity or totality nears, you may notice a perceptible drop in the temperature, and the wind may pick up, die down, and/or change direction.
Total Solar Eclipses Only (Skip for Annular Eclipses)
Sharpening Shadows As the Sun dwindles to a very thin crescent, shadows become much sharper and more detailed. Look at your own shadow — notice how you can see the shadows of individual hairs on your head or arms.
Deepening Darkness Look west a few minutes before totality. Can you see the oncoming umbral shadow? Any clouds on the horizon will go dark as the Moon’s shadow sweeps over them, making the approaching umbra more noticeable.
Shadow Bands Very dim, undulating ripples of dark and light might appear, flowing across the ground or the side of a white building. These elusive features are caused by atmospheric turbulence and refraction of the thin solar crescent just prior to the beginning of totality and/or immediately after. (During an annular eclipse, too much of the Sun remains visible, so shadow bands are unlikely to appear.)
Emerging Corona Some 30 seconds before totality, cover the shrinking solar crescent with your outstretched thumb and remove your eclipse viewers. You’ll likely spot the Sun’s corona (its outer atmosphere) on the side opposite the crescent. But if you do this, you might miss the next two events!
Baily’s Beads Just prior to totality, all that remains of the Sun are a few shafts of light shining through deep valleys on the Moon's leading limb (edge). The result is a few brilliant beads that disappear one after another. If you’re using a telescope or binoculars to observe the beads, keep the solar filters covering your optics until the last bead disappears. If you're observing only by eye, remove your "eclipse glasses" or solar viewer once the number of beads dwindles to one.
Diamond Ring The lunar shadow envelops you. Only a single bead remains — it shines like a brilliant diamond set into a pale ring created by the pearly white inner corona surrounding the Moon’s black silhouette.
Second Contact: Totality Begins! The last bead vanishes; if you haven't already done so, remove all solar filters now. The brilliant solar surface is hidden, and the Sun’s ghostly, gossamer corona glows around the black lunar silhouette. Feel free to scream and yell in delight, or just stare in silent awe.
Chromosphere and Prominences For a brief time after the start of totality, the Sun’s chromosphere (thin middle atmosphere) remains visible along the solar limb (edge) still being covered by the advancing Moon. This vivid arc of red vanishes quickly, so don’t miss it. Depending on how active the Sun is, you may spot several streamers of red stretching up from the chromosphere into the corona. These are solar prominences, and they, too, soon disappear behind the encroaching lunar limb.
The Corona Now’s the time to explore the solar corona, the star of the show. Using just your eyes, take a few moments to carefully study the appearance of the corona near the Sun. Can you detect any color? Does the corona look smooth or mottled? Use averted vision (stare at the eclipsed Sun, but concentrate your attention on the corona streaming away from the Sun's limb) to determine how far the faint outer corona extends. Is it rounded or elongated? If you brought binoculars or a telescope, use these magnifying optics to check out detail within the corona. Look for loops and arcs that reveal solar magnetic fields, and compare the structure of the corona at the Sun’s poles and equator (it’s often quite different).
Planets and Stars Brilliant Venus will likely become visible shortly before totality on April 8, 2024, about 15° to the lower right of the eclipsed Sun (that's roughly the distance between the tips of your outstretched index finger and pinkie finger seen at arm's length). Jupiter — not quite as bright as Venus — will be visible about twice that distance to the upper left of the eclipsed Sun, if not before totality, certainly during totality. Mercury, Mars, and Saturn will be up but probably too faint to spot easily, and a few bright stars, including Aldebaran in Taurus, Betelgeuse and Rigel in Orion, and Capella in Auriga might put in an appearance. But don’t spend too much time looking for them — totality is fleeting!
Sky and Horizon Sky darkness during totality varies from eclipse to eclipse. How dark it gets depends on the Moon’s angular size relative to the Sun's (or, equivalently, the width of the Moon's dark shadow), the presence or absence of clouds, and how close your site is to the centerline. Just outside the path of totality, the Sun is still shining, albeit dimly. This feeble light creates a beautiful 360° sunrise/sunset glow around the horizon. Don’t miss it!
Experience Totality Beware of spending totality with your eye glued to your camera’s viewfinder. Taking pictures is fine, but make sure you take time to appreciate what is truly a total sensory spectacle. If you’re using a telescope to examine the stunning detail in the corona, pause for a few moments, look away, and absorb the surrounding vista.
The key to not becoming overwhelmed by the sight of totality is to create a short list of what you really want to see and do, memorize it, and stick to it. Otherwise, you’ll spend your time gaping at the hole in the sky, and totality will fly by as if it lasted only seconds.
Totality’s Finale Yes, both the sky and the edge of the corona opposite where the Sun vanished really are a little brighter now. Fingers of red (prominences) slowly rise from behind the Moon’s retreating limb. They are soon joined by an emerging arc of red light — the chromosphere. The end of totality is imminent. If you're looking through optics, now is the time to replace your solar filters!
Third Contact: Diamond Ring One blazingly bright bead of sunlight erupts into view. Totality is over. Solar filters on! The stages of the eclipse now repeat in reverse order.
Baily’s Beads More rays of sunlight burst through lunar valleys and quickly combine to form a very thin crescent. The solar crescent rapidly expands, and the sky brightens quickly. If you want a few more seconds of corona viewing, block the emerging Sun with your thumb.
Shadow Bands These dim ripples of dark and light may appear briefly while the extremely thin solar crescent twinkles like a star.
Retreating Shadow If you’re not busy watching for shadow bands or squeezing in a few more seconds of corona viewing, quickly look away from the emerging Sun. Can you see totality’s wave of darkness speeding rapidly into the east?
Temperature The temperature will likely continue to cool slightly after totality concludes and begin to rise shortly thereafter. However, the change may be subtle and could be masked by a shift in wind speed and direction.
Animal and Human Behavior As the Sun emerges, so too will any insects, birds, and animals that, as totality approached, decided the day was ending and started to get ready for bed. Meanwhile, your eclipse-watching companions will be happily chatting among themselves, comparing images, and probably ignoring the returning solar disk.
Sharp Shadows While the Sun remains a thin crescent, shadows are again much sharper than usual. If you forgot to look at your own shadow on the ground before totality, be sure to look now — you'll see crisp shadows of hairs on your head or arms.
Annular Solar Eclipses Only (Skip for Total Solar Eclipses)
Baily’s Beads As second contact draws near, concentrate on the trailing edge of the lunar silhouette. There you’ll see tiny beads of sunlight — Baily’s Beads — form and merge as the horns of the crescent Sun rapidly envelop the dark lunar disk. These beads are caused by shafts of sunlight briefly shining through deep lunar valleys.
During a total eclipse, this is almost the point when solar filters can be safely removed. But throughout all stages of an annular eclipse, your eclipse viewers must continue to cover your eyes, and solar filters must remain on your cameras, binoculars, and telescopes at all times.
Second Contact: Annularity Begins Eventually the tips of the two horns of sunlight meet, and the black lunar disk is completely surrounded by a ring of light, often called the “Ring of Fire.” Annularity has begun.
Annularity Over the next few minutes, the Ring of Fire changes its shape — it’ll appear thick but shrinking on one side, and thin but expanding on the other.
Can you determine mideclipse by noting when the Moon is centered on the solar disk? Is there any change in the weather as annularity progresses? If there are trees nearby, glance at the ground under the leaves; you may see a multitude of tiny rings of sunlight projected on the ground.
Third Contact: Annularity Ends Once the leading edge of the silhouetted lunar disk touches the Sun’s bright limb and a fleck of darkness breaks the Ring of Fire, annularity is over. The stages of the eclipse now repeat themselves in reverse order.
Baily’s Beads This time carefully watch the Moon’s leading edge as it pushes past the Sun. As the solar horns separate, beads of light will pop on and then fade to black.
Total & Annular Solar Eclipses
The Returning Sun Just as it took a while for the Moon to cover the Sun, it will take an equally long interval — more than an hour — for the Moon to move off the solar disk. (The time between third and fourth contact will seem much, much longer than between first and second contact!) But don’t lose track of time — you’ll want to witness the official end of the eclipse.
Fourth Contact: The Eclipse Ends The last tiny indentation on the Sun disappears, and the Moon no longer covers any part of the solar surface. The eclipse is over.
What If It’s Cloudy During Totality?
Eclipse veterans like to use the phrase “experience totality” rather than “see totality,” because a total solar eclipse is the only celestial phenomenon that truly overwhelms the senses. Most astronomical observing involves straining to perceive something at the limit of visibility — a faint galaxy, a dim double-star companion, or a tiny festoon in Jupiter’s clouds. A total solar eclipse is the most extreme exception to this rule. You don’t have to use averted vision, special filters, or other tricks to experience totality. You just have to put yourself in the right place at the right time and hope for clear skies. When the Moon’s shadow arrives, it hits you over the head.
But what if you don’t have clear skies? Unwelcome clouds are always a possibility.
Without doubt, the highlight of any total solar eclipse is the gossamer corona, which is visible only if the sky is relatively clear and transparent. But many of the other phenomena described above can be experienced even if clouds cover the Sun. For example, it will get dark, the temperature will go down, any wildlife or domesticated animals in the area will exhibit changes in behavior, and your fellow eclipse watchers will make sounds — though perhaps not happy ones.
You can take some comfort from remembering that even under perfectly clear skies, it’s impossible for a single observer to take in everything that happens during a total solar eclipse. You can’t look up in the sky at the last sliver of Sun at the same time you’re looking down at the ground for shadow bands. You can’t admire the pretty sunrise/sunset colors around the horizon while you’re examining coronal streamers in a telescope. So even in ideal conditions, you end up seeing some things that others miss, and missing some things that others see. That's why some people — the ones who call themselves eclipse chasers or umbraphiles — seek to experience totality again and again.
For catalogs of all upcoming solar eclipses, including partial and annular ones, visit the websites listed in our Resources section.
More Articles About What You'll Experience During a Total Solar Eclipse
- Eclipse Phenomena (Michael Zeiler, GreatAmericanEclipse.com)
- The Experience of Totality (Fred Espenak, MrEclipse.com)
- The Experience of Totality (Dan McGlaun, Eclipse2024.org)
Some of this information is adapted from material provided to its travelers by solar-eclipse-tour operator TravelQuest International.